Neural Style Transfer

In this module, we approach a classic AI art algorithm

Adapted from:

• https://youtu.be/PdNHkTLU2oQ?si=FxubIPL2CXlsEnWy&t=1233

url = "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Mona_Lisa%2C_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg/640px-Mona_Lisa%2C_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg"
img = download_image(url)
xo, yo = 100, 100
img = img[:, xo : 256 + xo, yo : 256 + yo]
show_image(img.permute(1, 2, 0));

img.min(), img.max()

(tensor(0.), tensor(1.))

We can optimize the raw pixels, like any other parameter.

class DummyDataset:
    """Dataset that yields n iterations of dummy data"""

    def __init__(self, n):
        self.n = n

    def __len__(self):
        return self.n

    def __getitem__(self, idx):
        x, y = 0, 0
        return x, y


def get_dls(n):
    return DataLoaders(
        splits={"train": DummyDataset(n), "test": DummyDataset(1)}, nworkers=0
    )

class TensorModel(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, tensor_):
        super().__init__()
        self.tensor_ = nn.Parameter(tensor_.clone())

    def forward(self, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.tensor_

m = TensorModel(tensor_=torch.rand_like(img))
m().shape

torch.Size([3, 256, 256])

class ImgOptCb(TrainCB):
    def __init__(self, target):
        self.target = target
        self.intermediates = []

    def predict(self, learn):
        learn.preds = learn.model()
        self.intermediates.append(learn.preds.clone())

    def get_loss(self, learn):
        learn.loss = learn.loss_func(learn.preds, self.target)

def optimize_noise_to_target(noise_model, n, target, lr=0.001):
    dls = get_dls(n)
    img_opt_cb = ImgOptCb(target)
    cbs = [img_opt_cb, ProgressCB(plot=True)]
    Learner(
        noise_model,
        dls,
        F.mse_loss,
        lr=lr,
        cbs=cbs,
        opt_func=torch.optim.Adam,
    ).fit(1)
    return noise_model.tensor_.clip(0, 1), img_opt_cb.intermediates

denoise, intermediates = optimize_noise_to_target(
    TensorModel(tensor_=torch.rand_like(img)),
    250,
    img,
    lr=1e-1,
)
show_images([denoise, img])

show_images([i.clip(0, 1) for i in intermediates], figsize=(6, 6))

This isn’t interesting on its own, but starts to become interesting when we incorporate the pretrained feature extractors such as VGG16. This gives us a richer representation than the raw pixels that we can manipulate.

Here is a classic article on the discriminative features that these models learn.

VGG16 is similar to the pre-resnet model we implemented for FashionMNIST.

https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*NNifzsJ7tD2kAfBXt3AzEg.png

vgg16 = timm.create_model("vgg16", pretrained=True).to(def_device)

vgg16

VGG(
  (features): Sequential(
    (0): Conv2d(3, 64, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1))
    (1): ReLU(inplace=True)
    (2): Conv2d(64, 64, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1))
    (3): ReLU(inplace=True)
    (4): MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2, padding=0, dilation=1, ceil_mode=False)
    (5): Conv2d(64, 128, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1))
    (6): ReLU(inplace=True)
    (7): Conv2d(128, 128, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1))
    (8): ReLU(inplace=True)
    (9): MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2, padding=0, dilation=1, ceil_mode=False)
    (10): Conv2d(128, 256, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1))
    (11): ReLU(inplace=True)
    (12): Conv2d(256, 256, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1))
    (13): ReLU(inplace=True)
    (14): Conv2d(256, 256, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1))
    (15): ReLU(inplace=True)
    (16): MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2, padding=0, dilation=1, ceil_mode=False)
    (17): Conv2d(256, 512, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1))
    (18): ReLU(inplace=True)
    (19): Conv2d(512, 512, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1))
    (20): ReLU(inplace=True)
    (21): Conv2d(512, 512, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1))
    (22): ReLU(inplace=True)
    (23): MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2, padding=0, dilation=1, ceil_mode=False)
    (24): Conv2d(512, 512, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1))
    (25): ReLU(inplace=True)
    (26): Conv2d(512, 512, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1))
    (27): ReLU(inplace=True)
    (28): Conv2d(512, 512, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1))
    (29): ReLU(inplace=True)
    (30): MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2, padding=0, dilation=1, ceil_mode=False)
  )
  (pre_logits): ConvMlp(
    (fc1): Conv2d(512, 4096, kernel_size=(7, 7), stride=(1, 1))
    (act1): ReLU(inplace=True)
    (drop): Dropout(p=0.0, inplace=False)
    (fc2): Conv2d(4096, 4096, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1))
    (act2): ReLU(inplace=True)
  )
  (head): ClassifierHead(
    (global_pool): SelectAdaptivePool2d(pool_type=avg, flatten=Flatten(start_dim=1, end_dim=-1))
    (drop): Dropout(p=0.0, inplace=False)
    (fc): Linear(in_features=4096, out_features=1000, bias=True)
    (flatten): Identity()
  )
)

To use VGG16, we need to normalize for each color channel with the same constants that the model was trained with.

def normalize_imagenet(img):
    i = img.clone()
    i -= imagenet_mean[:, None, None]
    i /= imagenet_std[:, None, None]
    return i

img.shape

torch.Size([3, 256, 256])

nimg = normalize_imagenet(img)
show_image(nimg.clip(0, 1))

We can also use the PyTorch version

show_image(pt_normalize_imagenet(img).clip(0, 1));

So, how do we use this normalized image to extract their features?

---

source

calculate_features_vgg16

 calculate_features_vgg16 (vgg16, imgs, target_layers=(18, 25))

embeddings = calculate_features_vgg16(vgg16, nimg)
embeddings[0].shape

torch.Size([512, 32, 32])

# Homework: Implement a hook to capture intermediate representations

We can implement a loss function that computes the differences in feature space.

class ContentLoss:
    def __init__(
        self,
        target_img,
        target_layers=(18, 25),  # out of 30
        vgg=timm.create_model("vgg16", pretrained=True).to(def_device),
    ):
        self.featurize = partial(
            calculate_features_vgg16, vgg, target_layers=target_layers
        )
        with torch.no_grad():
            self.tgt = self.featurize(target_img)

    def __call__(self, img, _):
        inp = self.featurize(img)
        return sum(F.mse_loss(f1, f2) for f1, f2 in zip(inp, self.tgt))

def optimize_features_to_target(
    noise_model,
    n,
    target,
    lr=0.001,
    epochs=5,
    target_layers=(18, 25),
):
    intermediates = []
    for _ in range(epochs):
        TrainLearner(
            noise_model,
            get_dls(n // epochs),
            ContentLoss(target, target_layers=target_layers),
            lr=lr,
            opt_func=torch.optim.Adam,
        ).fit(1)
        i = noise_model.tensor_.clone().detach().clip(0, 1)
        intermediates.append(i)
    return intermediates

nm = TensorModel(tensor_=torch.rand_like(img))
out = [torch.rand_like(img), *optimize_features_to_target(nm, 1000, nimg, 1e-2, 8)]
show_images(out, figsize=(6, 6))

nm = TensorModel(tensor_=torch.rand_like(img))
out = optimize_features_to_target(nm, 1000, nimg, 1e-2, 8, target_layers=(1,))
show_images([torch.rand_like(img), *out], figsize=(6, 6))

Gram Loss

We don’t want to just transfer the spatial feature maps. We want something more abstract: style.

This is where the Gram matrix comes in. The gram matrix uses an intermediate represention, \(X\), where the magnitude of a feature basis is the row and the pixel ID in the column. By taking \(X \cdot X^T\), we get the covariance matrix of the feature activations, which we call the Gram matrix.

Paper here.

---

source

calculate_grams_vgg16

 calculate_grams_vgg16 (vgg16, imgs, target_layers=(18, 25))

---

source

GramLoss

 GramLoss (target_img, target_layers=(18, 25), vgg=VGG(   (features):
           Sequential(     (0): Conv2d(3, 64, kernel_size=(3, 3),
           stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1))     (1): ReLU(inplace=True)
           (2): Conv2d(64, 64, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1),
           padding=(1, 1))     (3): ReLU(inplace=True)     (4):
           MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2, padding=0, dilation=1,
           ceil_mode=False)     (5): Conv2d(64, 128, kernel_size=(3, 3),
           stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1))     (6): ReLU(inplace=True)
           (7): Conv2d(128, 128, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1),
           padding=(1, 1))     (8): ReLU(inplace=True)     (9):
           MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2, padding=0, dilation=1,
           ceil_mode=False)     (10): Conv2d(128, 256, kernel_size=(3, 3),
           stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1))     (11): ReLU(inplace=True)
           (12): Conv2d(256, 256, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1),
           padding=(1, 1))     (13): ReLU(inplace=True)     (14):
           Conv2d(256, 256, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1,
           1))     (15): ReLU(inplace=True)     (16):
           MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2, padding=0, dilation=1,
           ceil_mode=False)     (17): Conv2d(256, 512, kernel_size=(3, 3),
           stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1))     (18): ReLU(inplace=True)
           (19): Conv2d(512, 512, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1),
           padding=(1, 1))     (20): ReLU(inplace=True)     (21):
           Conv2d(512, 512, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1,
           1))     (22): ReLU(inplace=True)     (23):
           MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2, padding=0, dilation=1,
           ceil_mode=False)     (24): Conv2d(512, 512, kernel_size=(3, 3),
           stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1))     (25): ReLU(inplace=True)
           (26): Conv2d(512, 512, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1),
           padding=(1, 1))     (27): ReLU(inplace=True)     (28):
           Conv2d(512, 512, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1,
           1))     (29): ReLU(inplace=True)     (30):
           MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2, padding=0, dilation=1,
           ceil_mode=False)   )   (pre_logits): ConvMlp(     (fc1):
           Conv2d(512, 4096, kernel_size=(7, 7), stride=(1, 1))
           (act1): ReLU(inplace=True)     (drop): Dropout(p=0.0,
           inplace=False)     (fc2): Conv2d(4096, 4096, kernel_size=(1,
           1), stride=(1, 1))     (act2): ReLU(inplace=True)   )   (head):
           ClassifierHead(     (global_pool):
           SelectAdaptivePool2d(pool_type=avg,
           flatten=Flatten(start_dim=1, end_dim=-1))     (drop):
           Dropout(p=0.0, inplace=False)     (fc):
           Linear(in_features=4096, out_features=1000, bias=True)
           (flatten): Identity()   ) ))

Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

	Type	Default	Details
target_img
target_layers	tuple	(18, 25)	out of 30
vgg	VGG	VGG( (features): Sequential( (0): Conv2d(3, 64, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)) (1): ReLU(inplace=True) (2): Conv2d(64, 64, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)) (3): ReLU(inplace=True) (4): MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2, padding=0, dilation=1, ceil_mode=False) (5): Conv2d(64, 128, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)) (6): ReLU(inplace=True) (7): Conv2d(128, 128, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)) (8): ReLU(inplace=True) (9): MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2, padding=0, dilation=1, ceil_mode=False) (10): Conv2d(128, 256, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)) (11): ReLU(inplace=True) (12): Conv2d(256, 256, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)) (13): ReLU(inplace=True) (14): Conv2d(256, 256, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)) (15): ReLU(inplace=True) (16): MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2, padding=0, dilation=1, ceil_mode=False) (17): Conv2d(256, 512, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)) (18): ReLU(inplace=True) (19): Conv2d(512, 512, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)) (20): ReLU(inplace=True) (21): Conv2d(512, 512, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)) (22): ReLU(inplace=True) (23): MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2, padding=0, dilation=1, ceil_mode=False) (24): Conv2d(512, 512, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)) (25): ReLU(inplace=True) (26): Conv2d(512, 512, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)) (27): ReLU(inplace=True) (28): Conv2d(512, 512, kernel_size=(3, 3), stride=(1, 1), padding=(1, 1)) (29): ReLU(inplace=True) (30): MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2, padding=0, dilation=1, ceil_mode=False) ) (pre_logits): ConvMlp( (fc1): Conv2d(512, 4096, kernel_size=(7, 7), stride=(1, 1)) (act1): ReLU(inplace=True) (drop): Dropout(p=0.0, inplace=False) (fc2): Conv2d(4096, 4096, kernel_size=(1, 1), stride=(1, 1)) (act2): ReLU(inplace=True) ) (head): ClassifierHead( (global_pool): SelectAdaptivePool2d(pool_type=avg, flatten=Flatten(start_dim=1, end_dim=-1)) (drop): Dropout(p=0.0, inplace=False) (fc): Linear(in_features=4096, out_features=1000, bias=True) (flatten): Identity() ) )

def optimize_gram_to_target(
    noise_model,
    n,
    target,
    lr=0.001,
    epochs=5,
    target_layers=(18, 25),
):
    intermediates = []
    for _ in range(epochs):
        TrainLearner(
            noise_model,
            get_dls(n // epochs),
            GramLoss(target, target_layers=target_layers),
            lr=lr,
            opt_func=torch.optim.Adam,
        ).fit(1)
        i = noise_model.tensor_.clone().detach().clip(0, 1)
        intermediates.append(i)
    return intermediates

spider_web = "https://insideecology.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/spider-web-with-water-beads-921039_1280-810x540.jpg"
show_image(download_image(spider_web))

def style_transfer(from_, to_):
    if isinstance(from_, str):
        from_ = pt_normalize_imagenet(download_image(from_))
    if isinstance(to_, str):
        to_ = pt_normalize_imagenet(download_image(to_))
    nm = TensorModel(tensor_=from_)
    return optimize_gram_to_target(nm, 2000, to_, 0.1, 9, target_layers=(2, 18, 25))


show_images(style_transfer(nimg, spider_web), figsize=(6, 6))

starry_night = "https://sanctuarymentalhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/The-Starry-Night-1200x630-1-979x514.jpg"
show_image(download_image(starry_night))
show_images(style_transfer(nimg, starry_night), figsize=(6, 6))

Using the features from pretrained networks can be powerful.